Alienation
From the Christian doctrine of original sin, through G. W. F. Hegel’s conception of freedom, and the situated subject of existentialist thought in the wake…
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Architecture Subject Overview
Modernist architecture and design represented a utopian vision of how the built environment could be adapted to the needs to modern industrial society. Industrialization had…
Modernism in South Asia
In South Asia, a certain haziness regarding modernism and modernity derives not only from the manner in which they can be elided with each other,…
Bauhaus
In 1919 a young architect named Walter Gropius initiated one of the most modern art schools of the twentieth century in the city of Weimar…
Modernism in Europe
We are living in a very singular moment of history. It is a moment of crisis, in the literal sense of that word. In every…
Photography
Social Realism
Akerman, Chantal (1950–2015)
Chantal Akerman was a Belgian filmmaker, artist, and film professor known for her austere, minimalistic style, her feminist themes, and her depictions of alienation, dislocation,…
Verfremdungseffekt
Verfremdungseffekt (V-effekt), usually translated as alienation effect (a-effect), is a concept developed by the German poet, playwright, and dramaturg Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956). His V-effekt is…
Hermeticism
Though it originates in the work of H. D., hermeticism achieves its most lasting impact and enduring legacy in the work of mid-century Italian poets.…
Truffaut, François (1932–1984)
François Truffaut was a French film director, actor, and film critic, best known for being one of the founders of the French New Wave—a movement…
Peretz, Yitskhok Leybush (1835–1917)
Yitskhok Leybush Peretz, or I. L. Peretz (1835–1917), was a Yiddish and Hebrew writer, known for introducing modernist trends into Yiddish literature. Born in the…
Rabikovitch, Dalia (1936–2005)
Born in Ramat Gan, Israel, Dalia Rabikovitch was six years old when her father died in a car accident. Her family moved to kibbutz Geva,…
Hore, Somnath (1921–2006)
Born at the beginning of the 1920s, and acquiring academic training during the mid 1940s, Somnath Hore represents a generation of artists in Bengal, India,…
Mansfield, Katherine (1888–1923)
Katherine Mansfield Beauchamp was born in Wellington, New Zealand on October 14, 1888. Yet this bare factual statement in no way indicates Mansfield’s importance to…
Feuchtwanger, Lion (1884–1958)
Born into a Jewish family in Munich, Lion Feuchtwanger lived in Berlin from 1925 to 1933 when Hitler’s accession to power forced him into exile,…
Brenner, Yosef Hayim (1881–1921)
Yosef Hayim Brenner was born in 1881 in Novi Mlini, in the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Like many Hebrew and Yiddish writers of his generation,…
Miller, Henry (1891–1980)
An iconoclastic writer of autobiographical fiction, travel narratives, and personal essays, Henry Miller drew on several strands of European Modernism, including Surrealism, Dada, and Expressionism.…
Dutt, Guru (1925–1964)
Guru Dutt, original name Vasanth Kumar Shivsankar Padukone, was a highly influential actor, writer, producer, and director of the Hindi film industry based in Bombay.…
McKay, Festus Claudius ‘Claude’ (1889–1948)
Claude McKay was a Jamaican poet, novelist, essayist, activist, and editor. He is best known for his involvement in the New Negro movement of the…
Sá-Carneiro, Mário de (1890–1916)
Mário de Sá-Carneiro was one of the major exponents of Portuguese modernism. Although his literary production is limited to just a few years, from 1913…
Freud, Lucian (1922–2011)
Lucian Freud was a British painter and draughtsman whose work is characterized by his intense figure studies and muted palette. Born in Berlin on 8…
Woodcut Novel
The novel in woodcuts or the wordless novel is an artistic and narrative medium that emerged during the first half of the 20th century. The…
Shklovsky, Viktor (1893–1984)
Born in St Petersburg, Russia, Victor Borisovich Shklovsky (or Shklovskii; Ви́ктор Бори́сович Шкло́вский) was a literary critic, autobiographical novelist, and a leading figure of Russian…
Gascoyne, David (1916–2001)
David Gascoyne was a British poet and novelist active in English surrealism and post-surrealism. His novel Opening Day (1933) was one of the earliest prose…