Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932)
Eduard Bernstein was a prominent politician in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which in the late nineteenth century was the largest workers’ party in…
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Generación del 98
The Generation of ’98, a Spanish literary and cultural movement that was active during the first two decades of the 20th century, brought together a…
Gandhi, M. K. (1869–1948)
Mohandas Karamchand (sometimes called Mahatma, or ‘great soul’) Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, a champion of Indian independence from Great Britain, and an advocate and…
Siqueiros, David Alfaro (1896 –1974)
David Alfaro Siqueiros was one of the founders of the mural movement in Mexico. Together with Diego Rivera and Jose Orozco, Siqueiros joined the struggles…
Benn, Gottfried (1886–1956)
A practising physician throughout his life, Benn ranks among the most influential and controversial twentieth-century German poets and intellectuals. After achieving notoriety with the Expressionist…
Troy, Excavation of
The existence and geographical location of Troy, the legendary setting of the Trojan War described in Homer’s Iliad, received little attention until the nineteenth century.…
Malevich, Kazimir Severinovich (1879–1935)
During his studies with the Russian Impressionist Fedor F. Rerberg in 1906 Moscow, Kazimir Malevich learned color theory and the craft of Impressionist painting. In…
Das, Jibanananda (1899-1954)
Jibanananda Das was one of the pre-eminent Bengali poets of the first half of the twentieth century. With the posthumous entry of his prose writings…
Rulfo, Juan Nepomuceno Carlos Pérez Vizcaíno (1917–1986)
Juan Rulfo was a Mexican writer and photographer and is considered one of the most influential writers of Spanish-language literature in the modern age. His…
Le Bon, Gustave (1841–1931)
Gustave Le Bon was a French doctor and sociologist and a pioneering figure in social psychology. After completing medical studies in Paris he traveled extensively…
Young Vietnamese Artists Association [Hội Họa Sĩ Trẻ Việt Nam]
The Young Vietnamese Artists Association (YVAA; 1966–75) was an avant-garde artist collective founded in Saigon in November 1966 in the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam;…
Contact Press
Contact Press was an independent Canadian small press founded by Louis Dudek (1918–2001), Irving Layton (1912–2006), and Raymond Souster (1921–2012) that operated from 1952 to…
Modigliani, Amedeo Clemente (1884–1920)
Defying categorization, the Italian draughtsman, painter, and sculptor Amedeo Modigliani is a key representative of the School of Paris. Active in France from 1906 until…
Natalia Sergeevna Goncharova (1881–1962)
One of the most talented and prolific of 20th-century Russian artists, Natalia Goncharova was not only a leading member of the Russian avant-garde in the…
Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874 –1965)
Winston Churchill was British Prime Minister twice during his eventful political career. Churchill initially served the British Empire as a soldier in the Caribbean, India,…
Malfatti, Anita (1889–1964)
Anita Malfatti began her artistic training with her mother Bety, an American amateur artist. In 1910 she went to Berlin to study with Fritz Bürger,…
Battiss, Walter (1906–1982)
Walter Battiss was a leading South African painter, printmaker, author, educator and academic, well known for his non-representational oil paintings, impressionistic water colours and symbolic…
Odoevtseva, Irina Vladimirovna (1895–1990)
Poet, memoirist, and novelist with roots in the Acmeist literary movement, Odoevtseva is best known for her two volumes of memoirs, which portray many of…
Chen Yingzhen (1938– )
Chen Yingzhen is a prolific writer and influential cultural critic from Taiwan. Born Chen Yongshan in Miaoli County, Chen started to publish fiction in 1959…
Tynianov, Yuri (1894–1943)
Born in Vitebsk, present-day Belarus, Yuri Nikolaevich Tynianov (Юрий Николаевич Тынянов) was a leading Russian and Soviet literary theorist, historian and novelist as well as…
Literary Modernism in Finland
Literary modernism in Finland falls into a set of distinctive sub-movements, defined, in part, by the two languages in which Finnish literature is expressed: Finnish…
The Lindsay Family (1870–1958)
The Lindsays were a multigenerational family of artists, designers, curators, and authors in Australia. The originating generation, who made the most quantifiable contribution to modern…
Jayyusi, Salma Khadra (1926–)
Salma Khadra Jayyusi is an anthologist, translator, literary critic, and poet of Palestinian origins. A writer and researcher in her own right, she is better…
The Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906)
The Dreyfus Affair was a French political controversy resulting from the unjust conviction and imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935), a Jewish artillery officer, for…
Takarazuka
The Takarazuka Revue (Takarazuka kagekidan) is an all-female troupe founded by Kobayashi Ichizō (1873–1957) in 1913 as a device to generate business on the railway…