Geometry of Fear
The phrase ‘geometry of fear’ is used to describe the work of a group of British sculptors who came to prominence in the 1950s. Their…
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Cubism
Cubism is an influential modernist art movement that emerged in Paris during the first decade of the twentieth century. The term was established by Parisian…
Cubism [REVISED AND EXPANDED]
Cubism is an art movement that emerged in Paris during the first decade of the 20th century. It was a key movement in the birth…
Bauhaus
In 1919 a young architect named Walter Gropius initiated one of the most modern art schools of the twentieth century in the city of Weimar…
Constructivism
Prior to World War II, Constructivism attracted little interest from British artists apart from the few involved with Circle in 1937. Circle consisted of a…
Modernism in South Asia
In South Asia, a certain haziness regarding modernism and modernity derives not only from the manner in which they can be elided with each other,…
Varma, Raja Ravi (1848–1906)
Raja Ravi Varma transformed the way Indian gods and goddesses were pictured, and he did so with oil painting—a new import in 19th-century India. By…
Verma, Nirmal (1929–2005)
Nirmal Verma was among the most prominent and distinguished Hindi novelists, essayists, and short story writers of the second half of the 20th century. Though…
Braque, Georges (1882–1963)
Georges Braque was a major French modernist painter of the twentieth century who created and developed the cubist painting technique. Upon meeting Picasso in 1907,…
Gillespie, Abraham Lincoln Jr (1895–1950)
Abraham Lincoln Gillespie Jr was a writer, poet, and contributor to Maria Jolas and Eugene Jolas’s Little Magazine Transition. Known as ‘Linky’ or ‘Link’ to…
Belkhodja, Néjib (1933–2007)
Néjib Belkhodja was a Tunisian artist credited for leading Tunisian modern art in a new direction in the 1960s. He attended the Lycée Carnot and…
van Doesburg, Theo (1883–1931)
Theo van Doesburg was a Dutch painter, designer, and art theorist. As the founder and major polemicist of the avant-garde movement known as De Stijl…
Einstein, Albert (1879–1955)
Born in Ulm, Württemberg (now Germany), Einstein was a theoretical physicist who initiated a scientific revolution with his theory of general relativity. Challenging classical mechanics…
Gabo, Naum (1890–1977)
Gabo was one of the first artists to create constructed sculptures, which he built up from flat (planar) elements in space. His initial works, developed…
Arp, Hans/Jean (1886–1966)
Hans/Jean Arp is an Alsatian poet and artist, who was a founding member of Dada and an active participant in Constructivism and Surrealism. Arp grew…
Tamayo, Rufino (1899–1991)
A Mexican painter and muralist of indigenous heritage, Rufino Tamayo was one of the most important representatives of figurative abstraction and poetic realism in 20th-century…
Abbott, Edwin Abbott (1838–1926)
Edwin Abbott was born in London and educated at the City of London School and St. John’s College, Cambridge. He was ordained in the Church…
Panicker, K.C.S. (1911–1977)
Kovalezhi Cheerampathoor Sankaran Paniker was of Malayali background but spent most of his active life as a painter, teacher, and organizer in Madras, now Chennai,…
De Stijl (1917–1932)
De Stijl (The Style) was an avant-garde artistic group founded in the Netherlands in 1917. The name was also applied to a journal used to…
Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976)
Born in Meßkirch, Germany, Martin Heidegger is renowned as a leading 20th-century philosopher of existentialism and phenomenology with far-reaching influence in the Western world. Heidegger…
Precisionism
Precisionism was a modernist art movement during the 1920s and 1930s in the United States, in which painters produced a ‘‘machine aesthetic’’ by rendering precise,…
Butler, Reginald Cotterell [Reg] (1913–1981)
A central figure among the post-war sculptors who came to prominence at the 1952 Venice Biennal, Reg Butler is best known for winning the Institute…
Seven and Five Society
The painter Ivon Hitchens (1893–1979) led the founding of the Seven & Five Society in London in 1919, primarily as an exhibiting society for its…
Rother, Leopoldo (1894–1978)
Although German by birth, Leopoldo Rother was a Colombian architect who exerted a great influence in the development of Colombian modern architecture. Rother is known…
Schlemmer, Oskar (1888–1943)
Oskar Schlemmer was a painter, sculptor, choreographer, stage designer, and theorist most recognized as a master at the Bauhaus, where he taught from 1921 to…