Lam, Wifredo (1902–1982)
The work of Cuban artist Wifredo Lam is internationally recognized for its blending of European modernism, especially cubism and surrealism, with the visual culture of…
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Lewis, Sinclair (Harry) (1885–1951)
Sinclair Lewis was an American novelist, short-story writer, and playwright. Born in the small town of Sauk Centre, in Minnesota, Lewis was the youngest of…
Scottish Modernism
Scotland participated in the European visual art modernism of the early 20th century, when painters such as J. D. Fergusson and the Scottish Colourists set…
École de Tunis
The École de Tunis was an elite circle of Tunisian, French, and Italian artists formed in 1948 and credited for pioneering a Tunisian artistic modernism.…
Jung, Carl (1875–1961)
Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and an early leader in the psychoanalytic movement, which he left to found analytical psychology. Heir-apparent to Sigmund Freud,…
Finlay, Ian Hamilton (1925–2006)
Scottish poet, artist, and self-described “avant-gardener” Ian Hamilton Finlay is best known for his Concrete Poetry of the 1960s and a number of ambitious outdoor…
Nabokov, Vladimir [ВЛАДИМИР НАБОКОВ ] (1899–1977)
Vladimir Nabokov was one of the leading novelists of the twentieth century. He was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1899, but spent most of…
Unamuno y Jugo, Miguel de (1864–1936)
Miguel de Unamuno is a Spanish writer and philosopher whose work includes essays, novels, poetry, drama, and journalism. He is considered to be one of…
van Doesburg, Theo (1883–1931)
Theo van Doesburg was a Dutch painter, designer, and art theorist. As the founder and major polemicist of the avant-garde movement known as De Stijl…
Corbière, Tristan (1845-1875)
Dead at thirty, and author of a barely-noticed book of verses printed for hire by a firm specializing in erotica, the small-town eccentric and invalid…
O’Keeffe, Georgia (1887–1986)
Georgia O’Keeffe was one of the most important American and women artists of the twentieth century and a leading early abstract painter. She is most…
Bialik, Hayim Nahman (H. N.) (1873–1934)
Hayim Nahman Bialik was one of the most influential and widely-read Hebrew poets of the twentieth century. He revitalized modern Hebrew poetry with his romantic…
Brenner, Yosef Hayim (1881–1921)
Yosef Hayim Brenner was born in 1881 in Novi Mlini, in the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). Like many Hebrew and Yiddish writers of his generation,…
Rodker, John (1894–1955)
The son of Polish-Jewish immigrants into Britain, John Rodker was born in Manchester on 18 December 1894 and subsequently raised in London from age six.…
Young Turk Revolution
The Young Turk Revolution refers to the events that occurred in 1908 under the initiative of the Committee of Union and Progress (İttihad ve Terakki…
Chiang Kai-shek (1887–1975)
Chiang Kai-shek (also known as Jiǎng Jièshí 蔣介石 or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng 蔣中正) was a Chinese soldier and statesman, head of the Nationalist government from 1928 to 1949, and head of…
Theosophy
The term ‘theosophy’, derived from the Greek theo (‘divine’) and sophia (‘wisdom’), refers generally to divine wisdom and its mystical interpretation. Arising in the third…
Wilson, Edmund (1895–1972)
American literary critic, editor, playwright, novelist and journalist Edmund Wilson’s key critical texts trace the development of twentieth-century Anglo-American writing. Wilson’s Axel’s Castle: A Study…
Williams, Raymond (1921–1988)
The critic, cultural historian and novelist Raymond Williams was an influential theorist of the emergence of literary and cultural modernism, and a key figure in…
Marqués, René (1919–1979)
During his lifetime, René Marqués was Puerto Rico’s most renowned literary figure. His oeuvre, which includes plays, short stories, essays, film scripts, poetry, and a…
Bernstein, Eduard (1850–1932)
Eduard Bernstein was a prominent politician in the German Social Democratic Party (SPD), which in the late nineteenth century was the largest workers’ party in…
Generación del 98
The Generation of ’98, a Spanish literary and cultural movement that was active during the first two decades of the 20th century, brought together a…
Gandhi, M. K. (1869–1948)
Mohandas Karamchand (sometimes called Mahatma, or ‘great soul’) Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, a champion of Indian independence from Great Britain, and an advocate and…
Siqueiros, David Alfaro (1896 –1974)
David Alfaro Siqueiros was one of the founders of the mural movement in Mexico. Together with Diego Rivera and Jose Orozco, Siqueiros joined the struggles…
Benn, Gottfried (1886–1956)
A practising physician throughout his life, Benn ranks among the most influential and controversial twentieth-century German poets and intellectuals. After achieving notoriety with the Expressionist…