Henrik Johan Ibsen (1828–1906)
Henrik Ibsen is Norway’s most important writer and one of the most influential dramatists of the second half of the nineteenth century. His dramatic production…
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Expressionism
Expressionism was one of the foremost modernist movements to emerge in Europe in the early years of the twentieth-century. It had a profound effect on…
Garborg, Arne Aadne Eivindsson (1851–1924)
Arne Garborg was one of the most prominent Norwegian writers of the latter half of the 19th century, and the first decades of the 20th…
Lie, Jonas (1833–1908)
Jonas Lie was a leading Norwegian novelist during the Scandinavian Modern Breakthrough, a period of literary realism and naturalism spanning 1870 to 1890. His major…
Munch, Edvard (1863–1944)
Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter, printmaker and sculptor, who experimented with photography and film. He is one of the main forerunners of Expressionism, and…
Hamsun, Knut (1859–1952)
Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun’s novels anticipated modernist psychological fiction and influenced a generation of major European figures. Winner of the 1920 Nobel Prize in literature,…
Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius (1832–1910)
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson is one of the most important Scandinavian writers of the second half of the 19th century, a novelist and playwright as well as…
Abdel Aleem, Mariam (1930–2010)
Mariam Abdel Aleem was a prominent Egyptian graphic artist known for her printed works and engraving that stitched together symbols from ancient and contemporary Egypt…
Gabo, Naum (1890–1977)
Gabo was one of the first artists to create constructed sculptures, which he built up from flat (planar) elements in space. His initial works, developed…
Soganoya, Gorō (1877–1948)
Soganoya, Gorō was a Japanese actor, director and playwright who created of a new genre of modern comedy called kigeki (also shinkigeki). He wrote around…
Schwitters, Kurt (1887–1948)
Kurt Schwitters is most commonly associated with Dada, but his relationship to that movement’s aesthetic, political, and philosophical rebellion was ambivalent. Although he was friends…
Brandt, Marianne (1893–1983)
Best remembered for her metal designs, Marianne Brandt created the small tea extract pot that set a record in 2007 for the highest sum ever…
Ostenso, Martha (1900–1963)
Martha Ostenso was a critically acclaimed and best-selling author best known for her first novel, Wild Geese (1925). Ostenso is significant to the development of…
Société Anonyme
The Société Anonyme, Inc., Museum of Modern Art, was an international avant-garde exhibiting society that ran from 1920 to 1950. Founded in New York by…
Obstfelder, Sigbjørn (1866–1900)
Sigbjørn Obstfelder is considered the first Norwegian modernist writer. He wrote poetry, dramas and novels but is primarily known for his collection of poems, Digte…
Pomare, Eleo (1937–2008)
Eleo Pomare was a dancer, choreographer, educator, and social activist who spent more than five decades contributing to the development of modern dance. As a…
Modern Breakthrough
The Modern Breakthrough is a category of literary history first used in 1883 by the Danish critic Georg Brandes. Brandes used it to group together…
Berlin Conference (1884–1885) [REVISED AND EXPANDED]
The Berlin West Africa Conference of 1884–5, as it was called, ushered in what became known as the New Imperialism. While the first waves of…
Feminism and Suffragism
Originating from the French word féminisme, feminism’s first appearance in 1837 is attributed to the social theorist Charles Fourier (1772–1837). Denoting a principle that argues…
Anglo-Modernism in Canada
Among the movements originating in Western Europe that instigated the modernist turn in anglophone Canadian literature, the most prominent were symbolism, impressionism, aestheticism, and decadence,…
Lowry, Malcolm (1909–1957)
Malcolm Lowry (1909–57) was a British-born writer, best remembered for his 1947 novel Under the Volcano. Born in England, Lowry spent much of his adulthood…
Le Corbusier (1887–1965)
Le Corbusier was a Swiss architect and urbanist who acquired French nationality in 1930, having set up his studio (“the atelier for patient research”) in…
Werfel, Franz (1890–1945) [REVISED AND EXPANDED]
Franz Viktor Werfel was a Jewish-born Austrian novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and translator best known in the Anglophone world for his works of historical fiction,…
Expressionism
Expressionism was one of the foremost modernist movements to emerge in Europe in the early years of the twentieth-century. It had a profound effect on…