Modernism in Europe
We are living in a very singular moment of history. It is a moment of crisis, in the literal sense of that word. In every…
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Bernanos, Georges (1888–1948)
Although still widely read in the 1950s, Bernanos has now become an out dated author, if not entirely forgotten. Though he had a very high…
Maritain, Jacques (1882–1973)
Jacques Maritain was a leader among those who attempted to update and transform Catholic teaching for the modern world. Born to a Protestant republican, he…
Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanas’evich (Булгаков, Михаил) (1891–1940)
Mikhail Bulgakov was a Russian prose writer and playwright. In the last 25 years of the Soviet Union’s existence Bulgakov was one of its most…
Sorel, Georges (1847–1922)
Georges Sorel was a French social thinker and political theorist. An engineer of modest bourgeois extraction, he was a state employee for twenty-five years. He…
Telles, Gonçalo Ribeiro (1922–)
Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles (1922–), landscape architect and politician, was born in Lisbon, Portugal. In 1942 he attended the Instituto Superior de Agronomia da Universidade Técnica…
The Dreyfus Affair (1894–1906)
The Dreyfus Affair was a French political controversy resulting from the unjust conviction and imprisonment of Captain Alfred Dreyfus (1859–1935), a Jewish artillery officer, for…
Balmont, Konstantin (БАЛЬМОНТ, КОНСТАНТИН) (1867–1942)
Russian poet, translator, novelist, essayist, polyglot, traveler, and travel writer. In the early years of the Symbolist movement Balmont was perhaps the best-known living Russian…
Fascist Modernism
Fascist modernism is an artistic and literary movement emphasizing extreme nationalism, romantic anti-capitalism, and cultural renewal most closely associated with Fascist Italy, Vichy France, and…