Intellectual Currents
This section focusses on the historical, sociological, philosophical, economic, political, and scientific context of modernism. Entries cover individuals, coteries, movements, and events. The primary criterion…
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Film Subject Overview
The Film Section includes entries on a variety of modernist genres, periods, movements, directors, films, and critical modes aligned with modernist aims and intellectual attitudes.…
Montage
As an aesthetic principle, montage, defined as the assemblage of disparate elements into a composite whole often by way of juxtaposition, is most often associated…
Photography
Rakosi, Carl (1903–2004)
Carl Rakosi was an innovative American poet associated with the Objectivist movement in American poetry. His career spanned much of the twentieth century and extended…
Bialik, Hayim Nahman (H. N.) (1873–1934)
Hayim Nahman Bialik was one of the most influential and widely-read Hebrew poets of the twentieth century. He revitalized modern Hebrew poetry with his romantic…
Vaginov, Konstantin Konstantinovich Wagenheim [ВАГИНОВ, КОНСТАНТИН КОНСТАНТИНОВИЧ ВАГЕНГЕЙМ] (1899–1934)
Konstantin Konstantinovich Wagenheim Vaginov was a Russian poet and novelist affiliated at different points with a number of literary groups in Petrograd/Leningrad. While originally born…
Fosse, Bob (1927–1987)
Bob Fosse greatly influenced commercial screen dance and musical theatre stages in the latter part of the 20th century as a choreographer and director in…
The Introspectivists
The Introspectivists (Inzikhistn), the first group of modernist Yiddish poets in America, were part of the Jewish American Renaissance and flourished in the years following…
Ernest Hemingway
Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961) was an American writer who burst onto the modernist literary scene in Paris during the 1920s and subsequently became one of the…
Wilde, Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills (1854-1900)
Oscar Wilde was an Irish playwright, essayist, author and poet, and one of Victorian England’s chief proponents of Aestheticism. His works are often characterised by…
Bulgakov, Mikhail Afanas’evich (Булгаков, Михаил) (1891–1940)
Mikhail Bulgakov was a Russian prose writer and playwright. In the last 25 years of the Soviet Union’s existence Bulgakov was one of its most…
Kahlo, Frida (1907–1954)
One of the most recognizable Mexican painters of the twentieth century, Frida Kahlo produced around 200 paintings, dozens of drawings and an illustrated journal. She…
Hamdi Bey, Osman (1842–1910)
Osman Hamdi was the founding director of the Imperial Academy of Fine Arts (later renamed the Istanbul Academy of Fine Arts, today part of the…
Quantum Theory
Developed in the early 20th century, quantum theory is a branch of theoretical physics that concerns the unpredictable quality of particles at the quantum, or…
Jordan, Lawrence (1934--)
Lawrence (Larry) Jordan has worked as an experimental filmmaker for the last six decades. Raised in Denver, Colorado, he attended high school with filmmaker Stan…
Nemade, Bhalchanadra (1938–)
Bhalchanadra Vanaji Nemade was born in the village Sangvi, in the northern part of Maharashtra. After school years he moved to Pune for his graduation…
Berk, Nurullah (1906–1982)
An artist and writer from the Republic of Turkey, Nurullah Berk worked to promote the expression of Turkish aesthetic ideals as one of the founders…
De Casseres, Benjamin (1873–1945)
Benjamin De Casseres was an American poet, literary and cultural critic, and satirist whose career spanned four decades and two countries. Born in Philadelphia on…
Corbière, Tristan (1845-1875)
Dead at thirty, and author of a barely-noticed book of verses printed for hire by a firm specializing in erotica, the small-town eccentric and invalid…
Gould, Glenn (1932–1982)
Glenn Gould was a twentieth-century pianist born in Toronto in 1932. Among his major influences were the recordings of Artur Schnabel (1882–1951), who specialized in…
Paniker, K. Ayyappa (1930–2006)
K. Ayyappa Paniker—poet, translator, critic, editor, and academic—was a pioneering practitioner and interpreter of the modernist impulse in Malayalam literature. His poetry in Malayalam has…
Wajda, Andrzej (1926--)
Andrezj Wajda is a Polish film and theater director, best known for his politically engaged films exploring Polish history, and his collaboration with the actor…
Garborg, Arne Aadne Eivindsson (1851–1924)
Arne Garborg was one of the most prominent Norwegian writers of the latter half of the 19th century, and the first decades of the 20th…
New Criticism
Formed in response to philological, historical, and moral methods of teaching literature in the mid-1930s, the New Criticism was an American critical movement that insisted…