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Symbolism Overview

Symbolism is a late-nineteenth-century literary movement centred mostly around the work of poets such as Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Verlaine, Philippe Villiers de L’Isle-Adam,…

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Mallarmé, Stéphane (Étienne) (1842–1898)

Along with Arthur Rimbaud and Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé is a preeminent poet of the latter part of the nineteenth century, notably as the head…

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Redon, Odilon (1840–1916)

Odilon Redon was a French painter, printmaker, draughtsman, etcher, and pastellist. His ability to master various materials and techniques has often left him associated with…

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Modernism in Latin America

In Latin American intellectual history, modernism is a term that can be usefully and accurately applied to at least two distinct intellectual movements: a clearly…

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Højholt, Per (1928–2004)

Per Højholt was one of the most productive and influential Danish writers of the 20th century. He made his debut in 1948 at the age…

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Coffey, Brian (1905–1995)

Brian Coffey was an Irish modernist poet whose life and work are closely associated with fellow Irishmen Samuel Beckett (1906–1989), Denis Devlin (1908–1959), and George…

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Rodenbach, Georges (1855–1898)

Georges Rodenbach was a Belgian symbolist poet and novelist. Though born into a Flemish family, he wrote in French, the language of the educated bourgeoisie…

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Fuller, Loie (1862–1928)

Loie Fuller was a founding figure of modern dance. After an early career in American vaudeville, she moved to Paris where she created a new…

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Claussen, Sophus (1865–1931)

Sophus Claussen is considered one of the foremost Danish poets of the period spanning the 19th and 20th centuries. As a regular contributor to the…

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George, Stefan (1868–1933)

Stefan George was one of the most original and influential poets to have written in German in the last 150 years. During his lifetime he…

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Reverdy, Pierre (1889–1960)

Pierre Reverdy was born in Narbonne, France, on 13 September 1889, and died in Solesmes, home of the St Peter’s Abbey, on 17 June 1960.…

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Free Verse

Free verse is a technique of poetic composition that was employed and discussed by poets and critics during the modernist period. Exemplified by a disregard…

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Valéry, Paul (1871–1945)

Paul Valéry is the author of an oeuvre that comprises several genres and shows him to have been a polyvalent thinker. Celebrated for his poetry,…

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Concrete Poetry

In general, ‘concrete poetry’ refers to a type of literary composition where the material aspects of a text (layout, typography, sound, etc.) are foregrounded and…

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Levertin, Oscar (1862–1906)

Oscar Levertin was born at Gryt Manor in Norrköping, Sweden. He pursued an academic career at Uppsala University, where he received his doctorate in 1888.…

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Motherwell, Robert (1915–1991)

Robert Motherwell was one of the central founding members of the Abstract Expressionist movement in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and served…

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Cornell, Joseph (1903–1972)

Joseph Cornell was an American artist known for his poetic use of collage and assemblage. His art, including his films, contains images that derive from…

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Fin de siècle

Referring to the end of the 19th century, Fin de siècle not only represents a specific historical moment but also a part of the sensibility…

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Dance and Writing

The centrality of dance to aesthetic modernism led to dance becoming a major preoccupation of modernist literature and a model for the generation of the…

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Neo-Impressionism

Neo-Impressionism (1886–1906) comprised a group of avant-garde painters in France who explored a systematic approach to painting that revived Classical ideals while critiquing Impressionism’s prevailing…

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Matisse, Henri (1869–1954)

Henri Matisse is a key figure in French modernism and is considered to be the most influential colourist of 20th-century art. A French painter, sculptor,…

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Modernism in Bengali literature

Just as ‘modernity’, ‘modernism’ too has variegated histories. Years back—to be precise in 1961—Carl E. Schorske had zeroed in on Vienna to chart out a…

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Ungaretti, Giuseppe (1888–1970)

Giuseppe Ungaretti was a major Italian author of the first half of the twentieth century. In his poetry he achieves a massive reinvention of Italian…

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Boulez, Pierre (1925-2016)

French composer Pierre Boulez was one of the most influential composers of the second half of the twentieth century. His personal development mirrored the history…