Iranian New Wave
The Iranian New Wave began when a group of young Iranian directors—following developments in the Iranian cultural arena with origins in the political and social…
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Film Subject Overview
The Film Section includes entries on a variety of modernist genres, periods, movements, directors, films, and critical modes aligned with modernist aims and intellectual attitudes.…
Modernism in the Middle East and Arab World
Exploring modernity and its intellectual trends in the Middle East is a very fitting endeavour, as ‘Middle East’ itself is a ‘modern’ term which has…
Raqs-e melli
Iranian-Armenians Madame Cornelli, Madame Yelena Avakian, and Sarkis Djanbazian, all of whom had learned ballet in Russia or Europe, came to Iran where they opened…
Hedayat, Sadegh (1903–1951)
Sadegh Hedayat was an Iranian writer and intellectual who was responsible for introducing Modernism to Iranian literature. His short stories and novellas are the best…
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art (TMoCA)
The Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art (TMoCA) is an art museum located next to Laleh Park, in Tehran, Iran. The museum houses a large collection…
Nazemi, Abdollah (1937--)
Abdollah Nazemi founded the Pars National Ballet, a semiprivate dance company, in 1966. It was the first known instance of a Western-style modern dance group…
Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din جمال الدين الافغاني (1838–97)
Jamal al-Din Al-Afghani (1838–1897) is considered the “father of Islamic Modernism.” As a philosopher, writer, orator, and journalist, Al-Afghani affected Islamic thought from the Indian…
Sackville-West, Vita (1892–1962)
Vita Sackville-West was a poet, prose writer, and gardener. Much of her work was significantly informed by her close identification with the English landscape, in…
Khlebnikov, Velimir (1885–1922)
One of the founders of Russian Futurism, Khlebnikov can be counted as one of the movement’s most prominent and seminal representatives. Widely acclaimed for his…
Zeid, Fahrelnissa (1901–1991)
Fahrelnissa Zeid was a prominent and influential figure in Turkish modern art. An accomplished early modernist Turkish painter, she was as influential for modern Jordanian…
Al Said, Shakir Hassan (1925–2004)
Al Said was a prolific and influential artist. He was a founding member of the Baghdad Group for Modern Art (Jama’at Baghdad lil-fann al-hadith) in…
Vivier, Claude (1948–1983)
Claude Vivier is perhaps the best known of all Quebec composers, both in Canada and abroad. In 1967, after being removed from the religious establishment…
Feminist Film
There is no consensus about what “feminist film” is. A simple definition would be films about women made by women that advance the feminist cause.…
El Saadawi, Nawal (1931–)
Nawal El Saadawi is a renowned Egyptian writer, novelist, feminist activist, political dissident, physician, and psychiatrist. The main theme of her work is the suppression…
French New Wave
The French New Wave is a term associated with a group of French filmmakers and the films they directed from the late 1950s until the…
Italian Neorealism
Italian Neorealism is a filmmaking movement associated with a select group of Italian filmmakers in the latter years of, and the years immediately following, World…
Hoyer, Dore (1911–1967)
Dore Hoyer was perhaps the most innovative figure in German modern dance in the years between 1935 and 1965. This was a period in which…