Entartete Kunst
Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art) is a term that was used by Nazi authorities to identify, censure, and confiscate art they considered inconsistent with their ideology.…
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Modernism in Europe
We are living in a very singular moment of history. It is a moment of crisis, in the literal sense of that word. In every…
Expressionism
Expressionism was one of the foremost modernist movements to emerge in Europe in the early years of the twentieth-century. It had a profound effect on…
Schmidt-Rottluff, Karl (1884–1976)
The German expressionist painter, printmaker, and sculptor Karl Schmidt-Rottluff was born into a miller’s family in Rottluff near Chemnitz in Saxony. Like Emil Nolde and…
Kollwitz, Käthe (1867–1945)
Käthe Kollwitz (née Schmidt) was born in Königsberg, East Prussia in 1867, the fifth child of Karl and Katharina Schmidt. In 1884 she entered the…
Dix, Otto (1891–1969)
Otto Dix was a painter who emerged as a leading figure of the German avant-garde after World War I. His expressionist caprices, dadaist collages, and…
Younan, Ramses (1913–1966)
Born into a middle-class family in Minieh, Egypt, Ramses Younan enrolled at the School of Fine Arts in Cairo in 1929. Due to an irreconcilable…
Pechstein, Max (1881–1955)
The Saxon painter Max Pechstein was hailed as one of the leading representatives of modern painting in Germany throughout the 1910s and 1920s, but played…
Marc, Franz (1880–1916)
Franz Marc was born in Munich, Germany in 1880 and died in the battle of Verdun in 1916, one of many of the Great War’s…
Beckmann, Max (1884–1950)
A painter, printmaker, sculptor, and writer, Max Beckmann achieved success at an early age. After studying art in Weimar and spending some months in Paris,…
Kokoschka, Oskar (1886–1980)
The Austrian painter, graphic artist, writer, and playwright Oskar Kokoschka received distinction as a protégé while still studying at the Viennese School of Applied Arts.…
Schwitters, Kurt (1887–1948)
Kurt Schwitters is most commonly associated with Dada, but his relationship to that movement’s aesthetic, political, and philosophical rebellion was ambivalent. Although he was friends…
Kirchner, Ernst Ludwig (1880–1938)
Ernst Ludwig Kirchner was one of the major visual artists of the avant-garde in Germany in the first half of the twentieth century and is…
Munch, Edvard (1863–1944)
Edvard Munch was a Norwegian painter, printmaker and sculptor, who experimented with photography and film. He is one of the main forerunners of Expressionism, and…
Anti-Semitism including the Holocaust
Anti-Semitism, a term coined in Europe at the end of the 19th century, is the hatred of Jews and Jewishness, the latter being perceived in…
Schlemmer, Oskar (1888–1943)
Oskar Schlemmer was a painter, sculptor, choreographer, stage designer, and theorist most recognized as a master at the Bauhaus, where he taught from 1921 to…
Neue Sachlichkeit in Visual Arts [New Objectivity in Visual Arts]
Neue Sachlichkeit, which can be translated as “New Objectivity,” was the name given to a tendency in painting which, from about 1921 on, returned to…
Mondrian, Piet (1872–1944) [REVISED AND EXPANDED]
The Dutch artist Piet Mondrian was one of the pioneers of abstract art who produced some of the most radical painting of the 20th century.…
Anton Webern (1883−1945)
Webern was one of the three principal composers of the Second Viennese School. Probably Arnold Schoenberg’s first private pupil and a devoted lifelong friend, he…
Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973)
Born in Malaga, it was in Barcelona that Picasso first identified himself as a subversive Modernist with a critical, contestatory and transgressive praxis exposing the…
Expressionism
Expressionism was one of the foremost modernist movements to emerge in Europe in the early years of the twentieth-century. It had a profound effect on…