Modern Jewish art music concerns the study of Jewish musical markers and extra-musical Jewish topoi in twentieth-century music penned by both Jews and non-Jews. Transcending genres, aesthetics, compositional techniques, and national schools, modern Jewish art music emerged as a short-lived movement in Russia (the Society for Jewish Folk Music, 1908–19) and soon afterwards through the works of individuals composers in Central and Western Europe (including Ernest Bloch, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Darius Milhaud, and Arnold Schoenberg) – all attesting to various perceptions of musical Judaism as well as to composers’ symbiosis with the culture of their host societies.