Apollo (Apollon, 1909–1917) was the third and last major Russian modernist art periodical before the revolution of 1917. Edited by the art critic and art historian Sergei Makovsky (1877–1962), and from 1911 by both Makovsky and Baron Nikolai Vrangel’ (1880–1915), the journal ran for 91 issues. Aiming to craft an ideal art periodical, Apollo continued the aesthetic program of its forerunners, the World of Art and The Golden Fleece. According to its title and editorial manifesto, the creation of art works was seen as an act of worshipping Apollo, while the principle of Apollonianism alluded to Friedrich Nietzsche’s dichotomy of the Apollonian and the Dionysian. Apollo was a consistent propagator of contemporary art trends and defined a new stage in the development of Russian modernism. The periodical was international in scope; it devoted articles to Russian and European artists and art shows and featured sections dedicated to visual arts, literature, dance, theater, and music.